Professor
Area of Research Interest: Agricultural Development and Policy, Poverty and Social Protection, Natural Resource Economics (Aquaculture), Entrepreneurship and Value Chain Development
Overview of Dr. Mohammad Mizanul Haque Kazal
I started my career as a Research Officer under a post-doctoral fellow working for Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, USA. It was a challenging job that it required frequent visits to rural areas for collecting and compiling primary data. But at the same time, it was highly productive and rewarding to me, as it gave me a hands-on experience of conducting empirical research emanating from the field level. Thereafter, I joined Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) as a Scientific Officer (Agricultural Economics) at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) in the On-Farm Research Division (OFRD) located in Hathazari, Chittagong. One of the principal functions there was to identify socio-agro-economic problems of farmers through research. A little over a couple of years later I was transferred to Tuber Crops Research Centre (TCRC), Joydebpur, Gazipur where I initiated several research projects. At that point I decided to take up teaching.
I joined Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Sylhet, Bangladesh in the Department of Economics in 1995. Meanwhile I completed my Ph.D. from the Post Graduate School, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi under a program financed by the Government of India. I completed my Ph.D. thesis in the area of agricultural development and policy. My study attempted to identify the level of inter-state disparities in agricultural development in India, and the factors responsible for these. The study recommended policies for a balanced development in different states of India.
I served at American International University Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka as a Professor and Head of the Department of Economics under the faculty of Arts and Social Sciences from June 01, 2008 to August 30, 2010 on lien. Later, I joined on August 31, 2010 in the department of Development & Poverty Studies and worked as Chairman in the department in 3 terms (2years each term) at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka. I served as a Dean in the Faculty of Agribusiness Management at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka.
Over the years at SUST, AIUB and SAU, I have taught a wide range of courses in economics, e.g. micro and macroeconomics, agricultural economics, development economics, economy of Bangladesh, poverty studies, development studies, research methodology, project analysis, natural resources and environmental economics, econometrics, and agribusiness enterprise development. Also, I have supervised several student research projects funded by an international organization, WorldFish Center. In addition, I have completed two research projects financed by the IUCN and IFC. Furthermore, I have had the opportunity to participate in a few high profile national and international seminars akin to development policies. As a Principal Investigator (PI), I completed two research projects funded by USAID and EU and sponsored by FAO; these were related with food security strategies and „financial and economic profitability of agricultural crops. I accomplished another project related to Small and medium Enterprise (SME) Development in Crops, Livestock and Fisheries which was sponsored by Programme Support Unit, Planning Commission (PSU-PC), Agricultural Sector Programme Support-II (ASPS-II), Planning Commission, Dhaka, and financed by DANIDA. I conducted a research project on entrepreneurship and value chain development in hill agriculture as PI, funded by the Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF). In addition, I served as a Consultant/ Team Leader with different International, Government and Non-Government Organizations. I look forward to opportunities to use my accumulated expertise in areas of planning, evaluation, and impact assessment of development projects, etc.
| Degree Name | Subject/Specialization | Institute | Passing Year | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) | Agricultural Economics (Major in Agricultural Development & Policy) | Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI, Deemed University) | 2002 | India |
| M.Sc. | Agricultural Economics | Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) | 1989 | Bangladesh |
| B.Sc. | Agricultural Economics (Hons.) | Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) | 1988 | Bangladesh |
| HSC | Science | Adamjee Cantonment College, Dhaka | 1984 | Bangladesh |
| SSC | Science | Mirpur Bangla High School, Dhaka | 1982 | Bangladesh |
| Title | Organization | Location | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Director | Planning, Development and Works Department, SAU | Dhaka | 2021/07/12 | till date |
| National Poverty and Social Protection Policy Advisor | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) | Dhaka | 2019/09/10 | 31/03/2022 |
| Dean | Faculty Agribusiness Management, SAU | Dhaka | 2018/05/08 | 2019/09/09 |
| Chairman | Dept of Development and Poverty Studies, SAU | Dhaka | 2016/10/23 | 2018/10/22 |
| Chairman | Dept of Development and Poverty Studies, SAU | Dhaka | 2012/09/12 | 2014/09/11 |
| Chairman | Dept of Development and Poverty Studies, SAU | Dhaka | 2010/09/12 | 2012/09/11 |
| Professor | Dept of Development and Poverty Studies, SAU | Dhaka | 2010/08/31 | Till date |
| Professor & Head | Dept of Economics, American International University Bangladesh (AIUB) | Dhaka | 2008/06/01 | 2010/08/30 |
| Professor | Dept of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) | Sylhet | 2007/10/07 | 2010/10/30 |
| Associate Professor | Dept of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) | Sylhet | 2004/07/01 | 2007/10/06 |
| Head | Dept of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) | Sylhet | 2004/07/01 | 2006/06/30 |
| Assistant Professor | Dept of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) | Sylhet | 1997/03/04 | 2004/06/30 |
| Lecturer | Dept of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) | Sylhet | 1995/11/20 | 1997/03/03 |
| Scientific Officer | Division of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) | Gazipur | 1992/09/01 | 1995/11/19 |
| Sl | Journal Article | Year | Type | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Floating gardening in Bangladesh: a sustainable income generating activity in wetland areas | 2020 | Journal Article | Link |
| 2 | Determinants and Impact of the Adoption of Improved Management Practices: Case of Freshwater Prawn Farming in Bangladesh, Aquaculture Reports 18 (2020) 100448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100448 | 2020 | Journal Article | Link |
| 3 | Impacts of the Training of Mud Crab Farmers: An Adaptation Strategy to Cope with Salinity Intrusion in Bangladesh, Marine Policy 120 (2020) 104159 | 2020 | Journal Article | Link |
| 4 | Adoption and Impacts of Improved Mud Crab Fattening Practices on The Productivity and Wellbeing of Coastal Farmers in Bangladesh, Aquaculture International | 2020 | Journal Article | Link |
| 5 | Improved Management Practices Adoption and Technical Efficiency of Shrimp Farmers in Bangladesh: A Sample Selection Stochastic Production Frontier Approach, The Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, 41(1): 47-58 | 2020 | Journal Article | Link |
| 6 | Farmers’ Profitability of Shrimp Farming | 2019 | Journal Article | Link |
| 7 | Market Integration and Seasonal Price Variation of High-Value Vegetable Crops in Chittagong Hill Districts of Bangladesh | 2019 | Journal Article | Link |
| 8 | Financial Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Boro Rice Production in Some Selected Areas of Mymensingh in Bangladesh | 2018 | Journal Article | Link |
| 9 | Socioeconomic Determinants of the Varying Levels of Food Insecurity Amongst the Haor (Ox-Bow Lake) Residents in Bangladesh | 2018 | Journal Article | Link |
| 10 | Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Potato Cultivation in Munshiganj District of Bangladesh, SAARC Journal of Agriculture | 2017 | Journal Article | Link |
| 11 | Exploring the Future Potential of Jute in Bangladesh | 2017 | Journal Article | Link |
| 12 | Poverty Profiles and Coping Strategies of the Haor (Ox-bow lake) Households in Bangladesh | 2017 | Journal Article | Link |
| 13 | Women Entrepreneurship and Its Impact on Empowerment: A Study in the Dhaka City | 2017 | Journal Article | Link |
| 14 | Potentiality on E-commerce in the Rural Community of Bangladesh | 2016 | Journal Article | Link |
| 15 | Performance Analysis of Supply Chain and Value Chain of Selected Fruits in Khagrachari Hill District | 2016 | Journal Article | Link |
| 16 | Profitability, Input Demand and Output Supply of Mustard Production in Bangladesh | 2016 | Journal Article | Link |
| 17 | Competitiveness, Profitability, Input Demand and Output Supply of Maize Production in Bangladesh | 2016 | Journal Article | Link |
| 18 | Precision Agriculture in the World and Its Prospect in Bangladesh | 2016 | Journal Article | Link |
| 19 | Carbon Trading and Its Impact in Bangladesh | 2016 | Journal Article | Link |
| 20 | Enhancement Factors of Women Entrepreneurship Development: A Micro Level Study in Dhaka City | 2016 | Journal Article | Link |
| 21 | SME Development in Crops, Livestock and Fisheries in Bangladesh: Fundamentals, Reasons and Achievements, Bangladesh Journal of Political Economy | 2015 | Journal Article | Link |
| 22 | Climate Adaptive Agriculture Practices of the Farmers in Vabodha Area: A Study on Water Logged Village in South-West Region, Bangladesh | 2015 | Journal Article | Link |
| 23 | Poverty and Food Insecurity for the Haor People in Bangladesh: Status and Coping Strategies | 2015 | Journal Article | Link |
| 24 | Whether Crop Diversification is Energy Efficient: An Empirical Analysis from Bangladesh | 2015 | Journal Article | Link |
| 25 | Determinants of Crop Diversity in the Regions of Bangladesh (1990-2008) | 2014 | Journal Article | Link |
| 26 | Impact of Urea Price Change on the Economic Optimum Level of N Fertilizer Use in HYV Rice in its Yield in Bangladesh | 2013 | Journal Article | Link |
| 27 | An Analysis of Productivity and Profitability of Rice Farm in Bangladesh: A Study of Sylhet District | 2013 | Journal Article | Link |
| 28 | Determinants and Investment Behavior of Foreign Remittances in Rural Bangladesh | 2013 | Journal Article | Link |
| 29 | Productivity and Resource Use Efficiency in Rice Farming in Sylhet District, Bangladesh | 2013 | Journal Article | Link |
| 30 | Enterprise Development in the Sylhet Region of Bangladesh: A Perceptive Assessment of the Investment Climate, Bangladesh | 2012 | Journal Article | Link |
| 31 | Causes of Poor Utilization of Local Funds in the Sylhet Region of Bangladesh - A Multivariate Analysis | 2011 | Journal Article | Link |
| 32 | Impact of Microcredit Program on Poverty Alliviation in Sylhet District of Bangladesh: An Approach to Targeting Women | 2010 | Journal Article | Link |
| 33 | The Policy of ‘Job for All’ and the ‘Empowerment of the Poor’ in Bangladesh: An Analysis, Bangladesh Journal of Public Administration | 2007 | Journal Article | Link |
| 34 | Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) in Sunamganj District of Bangladesh: The Nature of Cooperation and Conflicts | 2007 | Journal Article | Link |
| 35 | Distributional Cost-Benefit Analysis of Community Based Fisheries Management: An Integrated Tool to Assess Efficiency and Equity | 2007 | Journal Article | Link |
| 36 | Awareness and Capacity Building in Fisheries Management: Analyzing Impact of CBFM Training in Sunamganj Area of Bangladesh | 2007 | Journal Article | Link |
| 37 | Role of Women in Community Based Fisheries Management: A Study in Sunamganj Haor Area of Bangladesh | 2007 | Journal Article | Link |
| 38 | Fish Marketing of Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) System in the Haor Areas of Sunamganj District | 2006 | Journal Article | Link |
| 39 | Income Distribution and Poverty Level in Sunamgonj Haor Area of Bangladesh: Implication for Poverty Alleviation | 2006 | Journal Article | Link |
| 40 | Transaction Cost of the Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) Beels – A Study in Sunamgonj Haor Area of Bangladesh | 2006 | Journal Article | Link |
| 41 | Study on the Socio-Economic Condition of the Stone Quarry Labourers at Bholagonj of Companygonj, Sylhet: Problems and Prospects | 2005 | Journal Article | Link |
| 42 | Spatio-Temporal Disparities in Agricultural Development– A Study on Major States and All India, Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics | 2005 | Journal Article | Link |
| 43 | Potential Factors of Agricultural Development in Haryana | 2003 | Journal Article | Link |
| 44 | Crop Diversification in Irrigated agriculture under Farmers’ Condition – An Empirical Evidence from a Micro Level Study | 1999 | Journal Article | Link |
| 45 | Comparative Profitability of Cropping Patterns With and Without Potato in Deep Tubewell Irrigation Projects - A study in an area of northwest Bangladesh | 1997 | Journal Article | Link |
| 46 | Crop Diversification in Deep Tubewell Irrigation Projects - The constraints of adding a third crop with two rice crops | 1997 | Journal Article | Link |
| Sl | Book | Year | Type | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Internal Migration and Its Food Security Outcome | 2014 | Book | Link |
| 2 | Financial and Economic Profitability of Selected Agricultural Crops in Bangladesh | 2013 | Book | Link |
| 3 | Food Security Strategies of the People Living in Haor Areas: Status and Prospects | 2010 | Book | Link |
| Sl | Book Chapter | Year | Type | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Impacts and Determinants of Adoption in River-Based Tilapia Cage Culture | 2020 | Book Chapter | Link |
| 2 | Technical Efficiency and Value Chain Analysis of Potato in a South-East Asian Country | 2020 | Book Chapter | Link |
| 3 | Agricultural Economy of Bangladesh at the Crossroads: Achievements, Challenges And Potential | 2018 | Book Chapter | Link |
| Title | Source of Fund | Year | URL | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lack of Utilization of Local Funds and Productive Investment Climate in Sylhet Region | International Finance Corporation (IFC) under the IFC BICF Small Grants Program sponsored by Economic Research Group (ERG) | 2011 | http://www.ergonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ERG-WP-2-2010_final.pdf | Completed |
| Food Poverty and Consequent Vulnerability of Children: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Minorities and Monga-Affected Households in Bangladesh | USAID and European Union (EU sponsored by FAO) | 2010 | http://fpmu.gov.bd/agridrupal/sites/default/files/Rezai%20Karim-%20Final%20Report%2020%20Dec%202010.pdf | Completed |
| Food Security Strategies of the People Living in Haor Areas: Status and Prospects | USAID and European Union (EU sponsored by FAO) | 2010 | http://fpmu.gov.bd/agridrupal/sites/default/files/Final_Technical_Report_Kazal.pdf | Completed |
| Small and medium Enterprise (SME) Development in Crops, Livestock and Fisheries in the Climate Affected zones of Bangladesh: Status, Problems and Potential | DANIDA sponsored by Programme Support Unit, Planning Commission (PSU-PC), Agricultural Sector Programme Support-II (ASPS-II), Planning Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh | 2014 | Completed | |
| Rural Urban Migration and its implication for Food Security in Bangladesh | USAID and European Union (EU sponsored by FAO) | 2013 | http://fpmu.gov.bd/agridrupal/sites/default/files/ToR%2012_Report%20Final.pdf | Completed |
| Financial and Economic Profitability of Selected Agricultural Crops in Bangladesh | USAID and European Union (EU sponsored by FAO) | 2013 | http://fpmu.gov.bd/agridrupal/sites/default/files/ToR%205-Final%20Technical%20Report_MAFI,%20SAU_Dr.Kazal_Submit.pdf | Completed |
| Women Participation in Agriculture and Its Impact on Empowerment at Household Level in Rural Bangladesh | Ministry of Science and Information & Communication Technology, GOB | 2017 | Completed | |
| Improvement of Teaching-learning at Undergraduate and Master’s Level | University Grants Commission (UGC) and World Bank | 2015 | Completed | |
| Women entrepreneurship and Its impact on Empowerment: A Study in the Dhaka City, Bangladesh | University Grants Commission (UGC) | 2016 | Completed | |
| COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC STUDY ON SHRIMP AND PRAWN CULTURE IN SOUTHERN DISTRICTS OF BANGLADESH: IMPACTS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS | University Grants Commission (UGC) | 2018 | Completed | |
| Harnessing the Potential of Hill Agriculture: Enhancing Crop Production Through Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (Commissioned Research Project) | Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF) | 2013 | Completed | |
| Impact of Improved Aquaculture Technologies on Productivity and Livelihood of Fish Farmers in Bangladesh | PIU-BARC, NATP2, World Bank | 2017 | Completed |
| Student | Degree | Year | Title | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nandita Rani Saha | MS | 2020 | A Comparative Profitability Analysis of Credit and Non-Credit Users of Hyv Boro Rice Cultivation in Pakundia Upazila of Kishoreganj District | Supervisor |
| Nazia Nowsheen Auishy | MS | 2020 | Women’s Participation in Vegetables Cultivation in Selected Areas of Bogura District | Supervisor |
| Tasmia Mahmuda Chowdhury | MS | 2019 | Comparative Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Shrimp and Prawn Culture in Southern Districts of Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Mst. Afsana Mimi | MS | 2019 | Impact of Microcredit on Poverty Alleviation and Empowerment of Rural Women in Some Selected Areas of Meherpur Districts in Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Ishrat Jahan Amie | MS | 2019 | Socioeconomic Study on Ethnic Women Entrepreneurship Development in The Chittagong Hill Tracts | Supervisor |
| Farzana Ahmed | MS | 2019 | Women Empowerment in Agriculture through Vegetable Cultivation: An Empirical Study in Jamalpur District | Supervisor |
| Sanzida Tamanna | MS | 2019 | An Analytical Study on Financial, Nutritional and Recreational Aspect of Roof Top Gardening in Some Selected Households of Dhaka City | Co-Supervisor |
| Mst. Muallema Khanam | MS | 2019 | Problems Faced By The Rural Women In Homestead Vegetable Cultivation: An Option To Improve Food Security | Co-Supervisor |
| Rowson Ara | MS | 2019 | Factors Influencing Proper Credit Utilization of The ASA Credit Borrowers | Co-Supervisor |
| Romana Afrose | MS | 2019 | Entrepreneurial Capacity of Women in Rural Bangladesh: Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) | Co-Supervisor |
| Anjuman Akter | MS | 2019 | Determinants of Women Farmers’ Adaptive Capacity With Regard To Climate Change | Co-Supervisor |
| Samia Mahbub | MS | 2019 | Assessing Profitability of Rice Cultivation: A Case of Sirajganj District | Co-Supervisor |
| Laila Akter Zaman | MS | 2019 | Women’s Roles in Agricultural Commercialization: An Empirical Study in Rural Bangladesh | Co-Supervisor |
| Md. Adnan Mahedi | MS | 2019 | Factors Affecting The Poverty Level of Rural Farming Households and Its Implications in Bangladesh | Co-Supervisor |
| Proshenjit Karmokar | MS | 2019 | Profitability of Litchi Cultivation: A Study on Poverty Reduction in Selected Areas of Pabna District | Co-Supervisor |
| Sazia Afrin | MS | 2019 | Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Boro Rice In Sherpur District of Bangladesh | Co-Supervisor |
| Md. Hayder Khan Sujan | MS | 2018 | Profitability and Efficiency of Mud Crab Fattening in Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Naim Ahmmed | MS | 2018 | Profitability of Shrimp Farming: A Study in Some Selected Areas of Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Md. Mehedi Hasan Kader | MS | 2018 | A Study on Pangus Cultivation at Farm Level in Some Selected Areas of Mymensingh District | Supervisor |
| Md. Rubel Rana | MS | 2018 | Comparative Profitability Analysis of Zero Tillage Garlic Versus Boro Paddy Cultivation in Some Selected Areas of Natore District | Co-Supervisor |
| Hironmoy Bala | MS | 2018 | Study on Floating Garden in Gopalganj District: A Tool For Income Generating Farm Practice | Co-Supervisor |
| Sahadath Hossain Samir | MS | 2018 | Cage Farming for Changing Livelihood Pattern of Fish Farmers in Chandpur District | Co-Supervisor |
| Evana Tanji | MS | 2017 | Status and Impact of Women’s Participation in Rural Economic Activities: A Study in Rangpur District, Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Mahfuza Afroj | MBA | 2016 | Technical Efficiency, Capital Financing and Value Chain Analysis of Potato: An Empirical Study in Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Shah Johir Rayhan | MS | 2015 | Market Integration and Value Chain Analysis of High Value Vegetables Crops in Chittagong Hill Districts of Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Md. Nazmul Alam (Sobuj) | MS | 2014 | Value Chain and Entrepreneurship Development of Maize And Sugarcane: A Study In Selected Districts of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Farhana Islam (Shetu) | MS | 2014 | A Study on E-shop for Agricultural Products in Selected Areas of Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Bisakha Dewan | MS | 2013 | Marketing efficiency and value Chain development of selected fruits in Khagrachari District | Co-Supervisor |
| Fatema Sarker | MS | 2012 | Women Entrepreneurship and Its Impact on Empowerment: A Study in the Dhaka City, Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Md. Selim Reza | MSS | 2007 | Socio-economic Dimensions and Impact on Farm Mechanization in Sylhet Region | Supervisor |
| Tamanna Sharmin Mazumder | MSS | 2006 | A Comparative Study of Different Microcredit Organizations in Sylhet City: An Approach Targeting Women | Supervisor |
| Nazmunnessa Bakth | MSS | 2005 | Awareness and Capacity Building in Fisheries Management: An Impact Analysis of CBFM Training in Sunamganj | Supervisor |
| Muntaha Rakib | MSS | 2005 | Role of Women in Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM): A Study in Sunamganj Haor Area | Supervisor |
| Khan Jahirul Islam | MSS | 2005 | Distributional Cost-Benefit Analysis of Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) - As an Integrated Tool to Assess Efficiency and Equity | Supervisor |
| Md. Jakir Hussain | MSS | 2004 | Impacts of Credit for IGA in the CBFM System: A Study in Sunamganj Haor Area in Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Md. Shahidul Islam (Sohag) | MSS | 2004 | Marketing Structure of Fish in Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) System in the Haor Areas of Sunamganj | Supervisor |
| Md. Jahangir Alam | MSS | 2003 | Income and Expenditure Distribution Pattern in Sunamgonj Haor Area: Implication for Poverty Alleviation | Supervisor |
| Galib Mahmood | MSS | 2003 | Transaction Cost of the Community Based Fisheries Management Beel in the Sunamgonj Haor Area | Supervisor |
| Sayan Chakrabarty | MSS | 1996 | A Study on Growth and Production Performance of Tea in Bangladesh | Supervisor |
| Sl | Professional | Type | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Australasian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society | Professional | 2020 | Member |
| 2 | Bangladesh Statistical Association | Professional | 2010 | Life Member |
| 3 | Agricultural Economics Research Association (India) | Professional | 2002 | Life Member |
| 4 | The Indian Society for Agricultural Development and Policy | Professional | 2002 | Life Member |
| 5 | Bangladesh Economic Association | Professional | 1995 | Life Member |
| 6 | Krishibid (Agriculturists’) Institution Bangladesh | Professional | 1995 | Life Member |
| 7 | Bangladesh Agricultural Economists’ Association | Professional | 1994 | Life Member |
| 8 | Bangladesh Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) | Professional | 1994 | Life Member |
| Sl | Achievements | Type | Year |
|---|
| Others |
|---|
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